Hong (rainbow-dragon)

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Look up ? in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Warring States Period jade pendant with two dragon heads
Hong or jiang (Chinese: ?; pinyin: h楂噂 or ji閯媑; Wade-Giles: hung or chiang; literally "rainbow") was a two-headed dragon in Chinese mythology, comparable with rainbow serpent legends in diverse cultures and mythologies.
Contents
1 Chinese "rainbow" names
1.1 Hong
1.2 Didong
1.3 Ni
2 Early textual references
3 Etymologies
4 Mythological parallels
5 Popular culture
6 References
7 External links
//
Chinese "rainbow" names
Chinese has three "rainbow" words, regular hong ?, literary didong ??, and ni ? "secondary rainbow".
Note that all these Chinese characters share a graphic element of chong ? "insect; worm; reptile; etc." (cf. tripled chong ?), known in Chinese as Kangxi radical number 142 and loosely translated in English as the "insect radical". In traditional Chinese character classification, "radical-phonetic" or "phono-semantic" characters are statistically the most common category, and they combine a "radical" or determinative that suggests semantic field with a "phonetic" element that roughly indicates pronunciation. Words written with this ? radical typically name not only insects, but also reptiles, and other miscellaneous creatures, including some dragons such as shen ? "aquatic dragon" and jiao ? "flood dragon". Linguistic anthropologists studying folk taxonomy discovered many languages have zoological categories similar to chong ?, and Brown (1979) coined the portmanteau word wug (from worm + bug) meaning the class of "insects, worms, spiders, and smaller reptiles". Following Carr (1990:87), "wug" is used as the English translation of the Chinese logographic radical ?.
Hong

Oracle bone script for hong ? "rainbow"

Seal script for hong ? "rainbow"
The regular script Chinese character ? for hong or jiang "rainbow" combines the "wug radical" with a gong ? "work" phonetic. Both Qin dynasty seal script and Zhou dynasty bronze script elaborated this same radical-phonetic combination. However, the oldest characters for "rainbow" in Shang dynasty oracle bone script were pictographs of an arched dragon or serpent with open-mouthed heads at both ends. Wolfram Eberhard (1968:246) notes, "In early reliefs, the rainbow is shown as a snake or a dragon with two heads. In West China they give it the head of a donkey, and it rates as a lucky symbol."
The (121 CE) Shuowen Jiezi dictionary, the first Chinese character dictionary, described the seal character for hong ? "rainbow" as ??? "shaped like a wug". Over 18 centuries later, Hopkins described the recently-discovered oracle character for ?.
What should we see in this simple but striking image? We should, I now feel sure, discern a Rainbow terminating in two animal heads. But of what animal? Certainly of the Dragon, must be the answer. For the design of the character is, in the main, naturalistic, in so far as it is clearly modeled on the semi-circular Bow in the sky, but symbolistic through the addition of two heads, for where the Rainbow ends, there the Dragon begins! (1931:604-5)
Hopkins elucidated.
It is the belief of the Chinese that the appearance of the Rainbow is at once the herald and the cause of the cessation of rain and the return of clear skies. Now, if by his own volition, when mounting to the upper air, the Dragon could beget the rolling thunder and the drenching rain-storm, how should he not be able also, in descending, the cause the rain to cease, and the face of the blue sky to clear? And that is why I conjecture and suggest that the early Chinese must have seen in the Rainbow one avatar of the wonder-working Dragon as conceived by their animistic mentality. That would likewise explain why to the arching bow seen with their bodily eyes they added the Dragon heads beheld only by the eye of faith. (1931:606)
Jiang is an uncommon pronunciation of ?, limited to colloquial or dialectal usage, and unlike hong not normally found in compounds. For instance, caihong ?? (with "color") "rainbow", hongcai ?? "rainbow colors; iridescence; the iris; banners", hongqiao ?? (with "bridge") "arch bridge", and hongxi ?? (with "absorb; suck up") "siphon".
Didong
Didong ?? or ?? is a Classical Chinese word for "rainbow", now usually restricted to literary or historical usage. These three characters combine the "wug radical" with phonetics of zhuo ? "connect" or dai ? "girdle; sash" in di ? or ? and dong ? "east" in dong ?.
Ni
Ni ? or ? means "secondary rainbow" or "supernumerary rainbow", which results from double reflection of sunlight, with colors inverted from a primary rainbow (see Alexander's band). These characters combine a phonetic of er ? "child" with either the "wug radical" ? or the "rain radical" ?. Ni ? can also...(and so on)

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