Computer cooling

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Computer cooling is the process of removing heat from computer components.

An OEM AMD heatsink mounted on to a motherboard.
A computer system's components produce large amounts of heat during operation, including integrated circuits such as CPUs, chipset and graphics cards, along with hard drives. This heat must be dissipated in order to keep these components within their safe operating temperatures, and both manufacturing methods and additional parts are used to keep the heat at a safe level. This is done mainly using heat sinks to increase the surface area which dissipates heat, fans to speed up the exchange of air heated by the computer parts for cooler ambient air, and in some cases softcooling, the throttling of computer parts in order to decrease heat generation.
Overheated parts generally exhibit a shorter maximum life-span and may give sporadic problems resulting in system freezes or crashes.
Contents
1 Causes of heat build up
2 Damage prevention
3 System cooling
3.1 Air cooling
3.1.1 In desktops
3.1.2 In high density computing
3.1.3 In laptop computing
3.2 Liquid submersion cooling
3.3 Waste heat reduction
3.4 Conductive and radiative cooling
4 Spot cooling
4.1 Passive heat sink cooling
4.2 Active heat sink cooling
4.3 Peltier cooling or thermoelectric cooling
4.4 Water cooling
4.5 Heat pipe
4.6 Phase-change cooling
4.7 Liquid nitrogen
4.8 Liquid helium
4.9 Soft cooling
4.10 Undervolting
4.11 Integrated Chip Cooling Techniques
5 Cooling and overclocking
5.1 Heat sink lapping
5.2 Use of exotic thermal conductive compounds
5.3 Use of rounded cables
5.4 Airflow optimization
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
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Causes of heat build up
The amount of heat generated by an integrated circuit (e.g., a CPU or GPU), the prime cause of heat build up in modern computers, is a function of the efficiency of its design, the technology used in its construction and the frequency and voltage at which it operates.

The dust on the laptop CPU heat sink after three years of use has made the laptop unusable due to frequent thermal shutdowns.
In operation, the temperature levels of a computer's components will rise until the temperature gradient between the computer parts and their surroundings is such that the rate at which heat is lost to the surroundings is equal to the rate at which heat is being produced by the electronic component, and thus the temperature of the component reaches equilibrium.
For reliable operation, the equilibrium temperature must be sufficiently low for the structure of the computer's circuits to survive.
Additionally, the normal operation of cooling methods can be hindered by other causes, such as:
Dust acting as a thermal insulator and impeding airflow, thereby reducing heat sink and fan performance.
Poor airflow including turbulence due to friction against impeding components, or improper orientation of fans, can reduce the amount of air flowing through a case and even create localised whirlpools of hot air in the case.
Poor heat transfer due to a lack or poor application of thermal compounds.
Damage prevention
It is common practice to include thermal sensors in the design of certain computer parts, e.g. CPUs and GPUs, along with internal logic that shuts down the computer if reasonable bounds are exceeded. It is, however, unwise to rely on such preventative measures, as it is not universally implemented, and may not prevent repeated incidents from permanently damaging the integrated circuit.
The design of an integrated circuit may also incorporate features to shut down parts of the circuit when it is idling, or to scale back the clock speed under low workloads or high temperatures, with the goal of reducing both power use and heat generation.
System cooling

Fan from Papst for racks.
Air cooling
Further information: Computer fan
While any method used to move air around or to computer enclosures would count as air cooling, fans are by far the most commonly used implement for accomplishing that task. The term computer fan usually refers to fans attached to computer enclosures, but may also be intended to signify any other computer fan, such as a CPU fan, GPU fan, a chipset fan, PSU fan, HDD fan, or PCI slot fans. Common fan sizes include 40, 60, 80, 90, 120, and 140mm.
In desktops

Typical airflow through a desktop ATX case.
Desktop computers typically use one or more fans for heat management. Almost all desktop power supplies have at least one fan to exhaust air from the case. Most manufacturers recommend bringing cool, fresh air in at the bottom front of the case, and exhausting warm...(and so on)

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