Vinland map

I want to introduct something about Solar Camping Light.

Chargeable by 6v/3w solar panel. Operating on 6v sealed maintenance(smf) free battery. Consists of 5-watt compact fluorescent light(cfl) back up time 2 hours. Built in overcharge protector and deep discharge protector(from full charge to battery low back up time is 3 hours 45 minutes) The most popular among the solar lighting products. These are useful for small remote lighting needs. The solar portable lantern is housed in a compact looking enclosure with handles for convenient carrying and utilizes state of the art solar technology for battery charging. The fully integrated system combines the latest and most innovative technology available providing convenient trouble free lighting. Features *completely assembled and ready to use. *simple plug& go operation. *renewable energy source. *rainproof solar panel. *environment friendly *built in over charge& deep discharge protection. *factory tested *optional *ac charger provided- dual charging ac& solar charging *




The Vinland map

The Vinland map is purportedly a 15th-century mappa mundi, redrawn from a 13th-century original. In addition to showing Africa, Asia and Europe, the map depicts a large island west of Greenland in the Atlantic labelled as Vinland; the map describes this region as having been visited in the 11th century. If authentic, such evidence is an important addition to archaeological findings such as the L'Anse aux Meadows Norse site in Newfoundland, documenting pre-Columbian Norse travels to the Americas, but the map has been controversial since it was first revealed in 1965, and both the most recent chemical analysis and the most recent scholarly monograph on the subject have suggested that it is a forgery.

Contents

1 Recent history

2 Context

3 Authenticity controversy

3.1 Dating of parchment

3.2 Analysis of ink

3.3 Content of the map

3.4 The fold down the middle

4 Other evidence for Vinland

5 See also

6 Further reading

7 References


//


Recent history

The Vinland Map first came to light in 1957 (three years before the discovery of the Norse site at L'Anse aux Meadows in 1960) and was offered to Yale University by an alumnus, Laurence C. Witten II, an antiquarian book dealer. Unable to afford the asking price, and concerned that the dealer refused to reveal the provenance of the item, Yale contacted another alumnus, Paul Mellon, who agreed to buy it, and donate it to the university if it could be authenticated. Recognizing its potential importance as the earliest map to show America, Mellon insisted that the authentication, conducted by two British Museum curators and a Yale librarian, be carried out in secret. This was to prove controversial, as the trio were unable to consult specialists. After years of study, they decided the map was authentic; Mellon donated it to Yale, and it was revealed to the world in 1965, coinciding with the publication of the team's research findings as an elegant book, The Vinland Map and the Tartar Relation by Dr. Raleigh Ashlin Skelton, Thomas E Marston and George Painter. A year later, a Vinland Map Conference was held at the Smithsonian Institution, during which various significant questions were raised but unfortunately, the proceedings were not published for another five years. In 1995, following years of debate and research, Yale released a second edition of its book, including new articles arguing that the map is authentic. The New York Times (February 13, 1996) reported that insurers valued the map at $25 million.

Context



The last remnant of old ownership marks

The Vinland Map was bound together with a codex, Hystoria Tartarorum ("Description of the Tartars," sometimes referred to as the Tartar Relation). The Historia is a manuscript of undoubted authenticity that was at some point bound with the Vinland Map. It is a description of the history and manners of the Mongols that appears to be an early version of the memoir of Giovanni da Pian del Carpine, an Italian Franciscan friar who in 1245 made a trip to the supreme Khan at Karakorum. Carpine went on to write a more robust account of his travels, but the shorter "Tartar Relation" survived until the 15th century by being included as an addendum to a volume of Vincent of Beauvais's encyclopedic "Historical Mirror" (Speculum historiale). Before the items were first offered to Yale, probably while they were being rebound into two volumes, all traces of former ownership marks, except for a small part of a bright pink stamp which overlapped the writing on folio 223 of the Speculum, were removed, perhaps to avoid tax liability for the former owner.

Authenticity controversy

In the absence of a clear provenance for the map, there have been claims that it is a forgery strengthened by the 1957 dealer's admission, printed in the second edition of the Skelton book, that he had told lies during the authentication process and examinations by a number of institutions have returned conflicting results.

Dating of parchment

Radiocarbon dating, performed by physicist Douglass Donahue and chemists Jacqueline Olin and Garman Harbottle, place the origin of the parchment somewhere between 1423 and 1445, although the entire map appears to have been coated with an unknown substance sometime in the 1950s. This could have been part of a previously undocumented attempt at preservation, or could have been done by a forger as part of the process of drawing a new map on a previously used piece of 15th-century parchment (palimpsest). It is unclear whether the ink on the map is on top of this more recent layer of material or not.

Analysis of ink

Detailed examination of the map at the British Museum in 1967 revealed that the ink was unlike anything the scientific staff there had ever seen, and the map outline appeared to consist of two superimposed lines,...(and so on)
To get More information , you can visit some products about
healing moon lamp,
green enegry light,
.
The Solar Camping Light products should be show more here!