Sunday, April 19, 2009

Australia and the American Civil War

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The CSS Shenandoah being repaired while in Australia
Despite being across the world from the conflict, Australia was affected by the American Civil War economically and by immigration. The Australian cotton crop became more important to England, which had lost its American sources, and it was serving as a supply base for Confederate blockade runners. Immigrants seeking a better life also found Australia preferable to the war torn North American countries.
The Australian public was shocked by the revelation of a turncoat officer that a direct engagement was secretly threatened by Russia in case the Confederacy was recognized by Britain. The Russian navy had just paid Australia a visit in preparation for launching attacks. The shock of a possible military confrontation led to a massive buildup of coastal defences and to the acquisition of an ironclad warship.
Australia became directly involved when the Confederate navy visited in order to repair one of their warships. This led to protests from the Union representative at Melbourne, while the citizenry of nearby Williamstown entertained the Confederates and some Australians joined the crew. Accounts disagree as to whether Australians generally favored the Union or the Confederacy, because demonstrations were also held in Sydney when news arrived of Abraham Lincoln's assassination.
Contents
1 Economics
2 Imperial Russian Navy
3 CSS Shenandoah
4 Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
5 Aftermath
5.1 Self-government
6 See also
7 References
7.1 Footnotes
7.2 Bibliography
//
Economics
Together, Australia and New Zealand had 140 citizens, 100 of which were native-born, who were veterans of the American Civil War.[1] Some of these were originally Americans who came to Australia during the Victorian gold rush of the 1850s.[2] Officers during the war included one who gave Tasmania its first telegraph service, and another officer who mined for gold in Ballarat.[2]
Confederate blockade runners occasionally obtained supplies there,[2] despite a historic fear of possible naval attack by Americans, a fear rooted in the actions of American privateers during the War of 1812.[3]
The war also caused the Lancashire Cotton Famine. As a result, Queensland saw a rise in its cotton industry, while the National Colonial Emigration Society in Britain was founded, although it had little ongoing relevance. This came about as a result of so many individuals from northern England being affected by the inability of the Southern United States to ship cotton during the war.[4] Once the war ended, little cotton from Southern Australia was imported to England.[5] However, in the aftermath of the war some Australians were interested in acquiring the Fiji Islands and their cotton fields.[6]
Another impact was the competition with Canada that Australia and New Zealand had with Irish immigration. The increasing Irish immigration was seen as an economic boon by these down under countries. One of the reasons for the increase was due to many Irish deciding against emigrating to the warring nations of North America.[7]
Imperial Russian Navy

Russian Admiral Andrey Popov
During the Civil War, the Union and Russia were allies against what they saw as their potential enemy, Britain, which supported the Confederacy. The Russian blue-water navy was stationed in San Francisco and from 1863 in New York姊琲th sealed orders to attack British naval targets in case war broke out between the United States and Britain. This was threatened if Britain gave diplomatic recognition to the Confederacy.[8]
The flagship of the Russian Pacific squadron, Bogatyr under Rear Admiral Andrey Alexandrovich Popov, officially made a friendly visit to Melbourne in early 1863. According to information passed on to Australian authorities in June 1864, Rear Admiral A.A. Popov had in the first half of the year 1863 received orders and a plan of attack on the British naval ships positioned near the Australian shore. The plan also included shelling and destruction of the Melbourne, Sydney and Hobart coastal batteries.[9] The information was attributed to the Polish lieutenant W?adys?aw Zbyszewski of the Bogatyr, who had deserted from service in Shanghai soon after Bogatyr left Australia, and found his way to Paris to join the Polish January Uprising. This information about Popov's plans was forwarded by a fellow Pole, a certain S. Rakowsky.[9] Similar attack orders are known to have been given to the Atlantic squadron under Rear Admiral Lessovsky, that was sent to New York at the same time.[10]
CSS Shenandoah

James Iredell Waddell
Main article: CSS Shenandoah
The CSS Shenandoah arrived in Australian waters on January 17, 1865. Off the coast of Port Adelaide at 3932'14"S and 12216'52" E, her crew spotted an American-made sailing...(and so on)

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